http://www.ftc.gov/os/statutes/fdcpa/le ... kman88.htm
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20580
June 28, 1988
John E. Beekman, Esquire
4020 Winchester Road
Allentown, Pennsylvania 13204
Dear Mr. Beekman:
I am responding to your letter to John LeFevre of this office seeking clarification of several issues regarding the mailing of certain debt collection letters. I must express my regret for the delay in responding to your inquiry. Since, you have asked for a "specific response" to a number of inquiries that recite the procedures (or mechanics, if you will) of the process envisioned, but omit any mention of the substantive content of the letters) involved, it will be necessary to qualify our response to many of them.
Your inquiry is on behalf of a creditor located in Florida that collects from debtors located throughout the United States. You write that "the creditor generally handles all billing, and overdue collections on such billings, from a central location in Florida. All collection activity on overdue accounts is handled by use of the mail and telephone systems out of Florida up to the time an overdue account reaches 12(3 days past-due--at which time the account is referred to outside independent debt collectors..."
You pose a number of questions growing out of a proposed course of action that you describe as follows:
"As part of the creditor's in-house collection activity, the creditor desires to print and mail an attorney letter utilizing a law office letterhead of an independent attorney as opposed to use of an attorney employee type letter ....[T]he attorney would be a fully licensed attorney maintaining a private practice at a location apart from that of'-the creditor."
Your letter primarily seeks clarification of a portion of the Proposed Official Staff Commentary on the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (51 P.R. 8019) and focuses on the Commentary's treatment of Section 807(3) of that Act ("FDCPA" or "the Act"). Section 807(3) prohibits "the false representation or implication that any individual is an attorney or that any communication is from an attorney." The staff commentary states, "If a creditor uses an attorney's name rather than his own in his collection communications, he loses both his exemption from the [FDCPA's] definition of 'debt collector' (Section 803(6)) and violates this provision [§807(3)]." I will treat your questions in the order in which your letter raises them.
(1)Does "use" by a creditor in this context include the preparation of the attorney letter and the mailing of the attorney letter even though the creditor has entered into an agreement with a privately practicing attorney to prepare and mail the letter only under specific conditions and circumstances specified by the attorney?
In my opinion, creditor use of non-affiliated attorney letterheads would violate Section 807(3) of the Act under the circumstances outlined in your inquiry. A collection letter cannot be "from an attorney" in any bona fide sense if the attorney's only involvement is lending his name and entering into a contract specifying conditions for use of letter, with no other involvement in either the collection process or legal decisions incident to continuing account activity.
You next ask whether the staff comment on Section 807(3), quoted above (51 F.R. 8019 at 8025), applies where an attorney-employee letter is prepared and mailed by the creditor under three varying circumstances. I assume that you mean the letter is in fact generated by the attorney who is an employee of the creditor (in-house counsel). The inquiry includes the following circumstances:
(2) (i) The attorney is a full time employee of the parent corporation of the creditor company and is located at the parent company's headquarters in New York State and licensed to practice only in New York State--not Florida. (For purposes of this inquiry the creditor's regular letter-head would be utilized in the mailing inasmuch as letterhead implying the employee-attorney is engaged in private practice in Florida would be violative of Section 807(1) and the unauthorized practice of law prohibitions of the State of Florida.)
(2) (ii) Do the staff's comments concerning "meaningful participation" in the collection process require the employee-attorney to have involvement in the collection process in addition to lending his name as attorney for the Florida creditor within the body of the letter's:
(2) (iii) Does the employee-attorney's statement (on the creditor's collection letters and letterhead) that he represents the creditor as an attorney create a false and misleading representation to a debtor when the attorney is not engaged in or licensed to practice in Florida? (For purposes of this inquiry Florida is the legal situs of the creditor, the state under which the contracts therein breached by debtors or governed, and the state wherein the contract terms are interpreted.)
Under the facts posited in your letter, the FDCPA would not apply to these activities because the Act's definition of "debt collector" specifically excludes "any officer or employee of a creditor while, in the name of the creditor; collecting debts for such creditor." (Section 803(6)(A).) If, however, the facts are. other than set out in your letter (if, for example, the creditor's letterhead is not used or representations are made in the text of the letter that create an implication that the attorney is independent of the creditor), then the exemption might not operate.(1)
I turn now to your final inquiry.
(3)The creditor, after use of all in-house collection procedures have been employed, refers uncollected accounts to outside unaffiliated debt collectors (attorneys and collection companies). Section 812(x), prohibits the use of-deceptive forms such as "pre-collection of letters" without any meaningful participation in collection of the debt. Does meaningful participation require the debt collector handle telephone inquiries and/or collection of the money when the debt collector communicates with the debtor by letter rather than telephone? What other involvement must a debt collector have to comply with the meaningful participation requirement so as not to be deemed a "form seller"?
We do not have a prescribed or sanctioned list of activities that are deemed sufficient to constitute "meaningful participation." The determination very much rests on the facts of a given case. In this case. In this regard, I enclose copies of two prior informal staff interpretations that may assist you in identifying a representative range of such activities.(2)
I hope that the above discussion has been of assistance. This is an informal staff opinion that represents the present enforcement position of the Division's staff. As such, it is not binding on the Commission.
Very truly yours,
Christopher W. Keller
Attorney
Division of Credit Practices
Enclosures
1. See, e.g., staff commentary on Section 807(10) of the Act, 51 F.R. at 8026 (number 5, "misleading letterhead").
2. Henry A. Sullivan, Esq., February 21, 1984, and Daniel C. Smith, Esq., July 5, 1984; see also enclosed Commentary (51 F.R. 8029).
FTC Informal Staff Opinion: Beekman (06-28-88)
This folder examines the all-too-frequent problem where collectors pretend to be lawyers or imply that they can do things that only a lawyer can do. The folder also examines instances where the collector threatens to do things which it cannot lawfully do.
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FTC Informal Staff Opinion: Beekman (06-28-88)
Post by David A. Szwak »
David Szwak
Chairman, Consumer Protection Section, Louisiana State Bar Association
Bodenheimer, Jones & Szwak
509 Market Street, 7th Floor
Mid South Tower
Shreveport, Louisiana 71101
318-221-6444
Fax 318-221-6555
Chairman, Consumer Protection Section, Louisiana State Bar Association
Bodenheimer, Jones & Szwak
509 Market Street, 7th Floor
Mid South Tower
Shreveport, Louisiana 71101
318-221-6444
Fax 318-221-6555
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- The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act: Statute and Definitions
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- ↳ Debt: What Constitutes a "Debt" as Defined by the FDCPA? 15 U.S.C. 1692a[5]
- ↳ Debt Collector: Who is a Debt Collector?
- Cease and Desist Letters, Dispute Letters, and Validation Letters
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- ↳ Standing: An Important Question
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- Debt Collection Companies and Attorneys: AAAAAA
- ↳ Account Solutions Group
- ↳ Alegis/Sherman Acquisitions/Performance
- ↳ Allied Interstate f/k/a Coldata
- ↳ Allen, Lewis & Associates
- ↳ Alliance One
- ↳ Allstate Financial/Allstate Adjustment
- ↳ Aman Collection Service
- ↳ American Acceptance a/k/a National Acceptance
- ↳ American Coradius
- ↳ American Legal Recovery
- ↳ Ameriquest Recovery Services
- ↳ AMO Recoveries
- ↳ Ariel Financial Services
- ↳ Arrow Financial Services
- ↳ Asta Funding a/k/a Palisades Collections
- ↳ Asset Acceptance Corp.
- ↳ Atlantic Credit & Finance
- ↳ Attention, LLC
- ↳ Apex Financial A/K/A Hilco Receivables
- Debt Collection Companies and Attorneys: BBBBBB
- ↳ Barnes, Curtis a/k/a Calfin a/k/a Con-America
- ↳ Barnford, Thomas a/k/a Elder, Timothy a/k/a Con-America a/k/a CACV/CACH
- ↳ Baumann Law Firm
- ↳ Bay Area Credit Services
- ↳ Bennett & Deloney
- ↳ Boivin, Lawrence Law Firm
- ↳ Booska, Steven Law Offices
- ↳ Boyajian Law Offices
- ↳ Bronson & Migliaccio
- ↳ Buffaloe & Associates
- ↳ Burgess, Douglas Law Offices
- ↳ Burak, Donald Law offices
- ↳ Bureaus Inc.
- ↳ Burke, Edward T. & Associates
- ↳ BOSS: Business Office Systems and Solutions
- Debt Collection Companies and Attorneys: CCCCCC
- ↳ California Financial Credit Association
- ↳ Cambece, James
- ↳ Capital Corporation AKA Capital Collections
- ↳ Capital Management Services
- ↳ Capital One Bank and its Sister Entities [including Westmoreland Agency]
- ↳ Cavalry Portfolio Services
- ↳ Client Services, Inc.
- ↳ Cohen & Slamowitz a/k/a Gemini Recoveries
- ↳ Collect America a/k/a CACV a/k/a CACH
- ↳ CMKS Holdings, LLC a/k/a Stouwie & Mayo, PLLC
- ↳ Coldata Collection Agency
- ↳ Collect Corp.
- ↳ Collectech Systems
- ↳ Collins Law Office
- ↳ Colonial Credit Corp.
- ↳ Colorado Capital Investments
- ↳ Commonwealth Financial Systems
- ↳ Consumer Recovery Associates
- ↳ Continental Credit
- ↳ Collecto, Inc., d/b/a Collection Company of America
- ↳ Continental Fairways
- ↳ Convergys
- ↳ CPS Investigations
- ↳ Credit Collection Service
- ↳ Credit One, LLC
- ↳ Credit Store [The Credit Store]
- ↳ Credit Systems International
- ↳ Creditors Financial Group
- ↳ Creditors Interchange Receivable Management, LLC
- ↳ Capital Recovery Service [CRS]
- ↳ C. Water Recovery
- ↳ Credit Bureau of the South
- ↳ Credit Collections, Inc.
- ↳ Credigy Receivables
- ↳ Cadle Co., Inc.
- Debt Collection Companies and Attorneys: DDDDDD
- ↳ D.C. Credit Services a/k/a David Cohen
- ↳ De Lage Landen Financial Services
- ↳ Daniels & Norelli, P.C. a/k/a Con America
- ↳ DeFede, John A. Esq. [John Defede, Esq.]
- ↳ DeJana, Richard Esq. [Richard DeJana, Esq.
- ↳ Delta Group aka Joseph, Ortiz & Epstein, LLC
- ↳ Dendy, Michael D. Esq.
- ↳ DMG Consulting
- Debt Collection Companies and Attorneys: EEEEEE
- ↳ Ebbets Partners
- ↳ eCast Settlement
- ↳ Elder, Timothy L. / Barnford, Thomas K.
- ↳ Elite Recovery Services, Inc.
- ↳ Ellis Crosby and Associates
- ↳ Encore Receivable Management
- ↳ Endeavor Financial Partners, LLC
- ↳ ER Solutions
- ↳ Eskanos & Adler, PC
- ↳ Estate Recoveries
- ↳ Evans Law Offices
- ↳ ED Fund
- Debt Collection Companies and Attorneys: FFFFFF
- ↳ Financial Credit Services
- ↳ FBCS Federal Bond & Collection Service
- ↳ Federal Credit Corp.
- ↳ Federal Credit Recovery/FCR Offices
- ↳ First Revenue Assurance
- ↳ French, WC (Bill), Law Offices of
- ↳ First Nationwide Resource Group
- ↳ Federal Adjustment Bureau
- Debt Collection Companies and Attorneys: GGGGGG
- ↳ Go-More Financial, Inc.
- ↳ GC Services
- ↳ Gemini Recoveries, Inc.
- ↳ Giove Law Office, P.C.
- ↳ Global Acceptance Credit Company (GACC)
- ↳ Global Asset Investigation Services, LLC
- ↳ General Revenue Corp.
- ↳ Goggins & Lavintman, PA
- ↳ Gulf State Credit
- ↳ Great Seneca Financial Corp.
- ↳ Greenberg, Grant & Richards, Inc.
- Debt Collection Companies and Attorneys: HHHHHH
- ↳ Hanna, Frederick J. & Assoc.
- ↳ Harker, John W. [CACV]
- ↳ Harrison Ross Byck, Esq.
- ↳ Harry Cohn and Scott M. Miller
- ↳ Hosto and Buchan
- ↳ Household Recovery Services Corp.
- ↳ Hudson & Keyse, LLC
- ↳ Hull & Associates, P.C.
- Debt Collection Companies and Attorneys: IIIIII
- ↳ Integrity Resolution Group, LLC
- ↳ International Portfolio Management
- Debt Collection Companies and Attorneys: JJJJJJ
- ↳ Javitch, Block & Rathbone L.L.P.
- ↳ Joseph, Ortiz & Epstein, LLC a/k/a Delta Group
- Debt Collection Companies and Attorneys: KKKKKK
- ↳ Kay, Mitchell N., P.C. [Law Offices]
- ↳ Kravitz, Schnitzer, Sloane, Johnson & Eberhardy, CHTD
- Debt Collection Companies and Attorneys: LLLLLL
- ↳ Lenahan Law Offices
- ↳ Lang, Richert & Patch
- ↳ LDG Financial Services II, LLC
- ↳ Leasecomm Corporation
- ↳ Legal Recovery Services, Inc.
- ↳ LHR, Inc.
- ↳ Love, Beal & Nixon, PC
- ↳ Lowery, Scott P., P.C. a/k/a CACH, LLC
- ↳ LTD Financial Services, L.P.
- ↳ LVNV Funding, LLC
- Debt Collection Companies and Attorneys: MMMMMM
- ↳ Magnus Services, Inc.
- ↳ Mann-Bracken, LLC
- ↳ Marauder Corporation
- ↳ McKelvey Law Office
- ↳ Meadows Law Office - Sheree Meadows
- ↳ Mel S. Harris & Associates
- ↳ Merchant's Credit Guide Co.
- ↳ Messerli & Kramer
- ↳ Midland Credit Management, Inc.
- ↳ Mims, Jerry M., Lawyer
- ↳ Moore, Gerald E. & Associates
- ↳ MRS Associates, Inc.
- ↳ Myers & Porter, Attorneys
- Debt Collection Companies and Attorneys: NNNNNN
- ↳ NCO Financial
- ↳ National Action Financial Services, Inc.
- ↳ National Acceptance
- ↳ National Asset Management
- ↳ National Asset Services Co.
- ↳ National Attorney's Network
- ↳ National Credit Adjusters
- ↳ National Enterprise Systems
- ↳ National Financial Systems
- ↳ National Revenue Corporation
- ↳ Nationwide Capital Recovery
- ↳ Nationwide Credit, Inc.
- ↳ Neuheisel Law Firm, PC
- ↳ New Horizon Credit, Inc.
- ↳ New Vision Financial
- ↳ North Shore Agency
- ↳ North Star Capital Acquisitions, LLC
- ↳ Northeast Credit & Collections
- Debt Collection Companies and Attorneys: OOOOOO
- ↳ Omnia Credit Services
- ↳ O'Neill Management, Inc. Investigators
- ↳ Ozark Capital Corporation
- ↳ OSI/Outsourcing Solutions
- Debt Collection Companies and Attorneys: PPPPPP
- ↳ Performance Capital Management
- ↳ Pacific Coast Collections (Alliance One)
- ↳ Palisades Collections, LLC
- ↳ Penn Credit Corporation
- ↳ Phillips & Burns, LLC
- ↳ Phillips & Cohen Associates, Ltd.
- ↳ Pinnacle Asset & Capital Management Grp, LLC
- ↳ Plaza Associates
- ↳ Portfolio Exchange
- ↳ Portfolio Management of Amherst, LLC.
- ↳ Portfolio Recovery Associates, LLC
- ↳ Preferred Platinum Plan
- ↳ Prime Asset Recovery, Inc. / www.giovelawofficeexposed.com
- ↳ Pro Collect, Inc.
- Debt Collection Companies and Attorneys: QQQQQQ
- ↳ Quadrant Group LLC - The Recycle Shop
- Debt Collection Companies and Attorneys: RRRRRR
- ↳ Ranieri, Christopher, Law Office of
- ↳ RCS Centre Corp.
- ↳ Redline Recovery Services, LLC
- ↳ Regent & Associates, P.C.
- ↳ Resurgent Capital Services / Sherman Acquisitions
- ↳ Reynolds, Jacobson & Sloane, Attorneys
- ↳ Riddle [Jessie Riddle] & Associates
- ↳ Risk Management Alternatives (RMA)
- ↳ RJM Acquisitions, LLC
- ↳ Roach, Larry, Law Offices of
- ↳ Rosenthal & Colby, Inc.
- Debt Collection Companies and Attorneys: SSSSSS
- ↳ Sherman Acquisitions
- ↳ Sagres Company, (the)
- ↳ Scherr, Harold E. , Attorney / Con-America
- ↳ Schreiber and Associates, PC.
- ↳ Shekinah, Inc.
- ↳ Sherman Financial Group/Alegis (SDB)
- ↳ Specified Credit Association
- ↳ Stanley Weinberg & Associates
- ↳ Steinbrenner, Carl A.
- ↳ Stevens & James Debt Collectors
- ↳ Sky Recovery Services
- Debt Collection Companies and Attorneys: TTTTTT
- ↳ Tabula Rasa, Inc.
- ↳ Taylor, Jay A., PC [Jay A. Taylor, Esq.]
- ↳ Titan Recovery Group
- ↳ Transcontinental Adjustment Corp.
- ↳ Trauner Cohen & Thomas f/k/a Trauner King & Cohen
- ↳ Triadvantage Credit Services
- Debt Collection Companies and Attorneys: UUUUUU
- ↳ Unifund Group Corp. a/k/a Unifund CCR Partners, LLC
- ↳ United Creditors
- ↳ United Legal Corp.
- ↳ United Recovery System
- ↳ US Audit Control
- Debt Collection Companies and Attorneys: VVVVVV
- ↳ Van Ru Credit Corp.
- ↳ Varde
- ↳ Vasques, Luis, Attorney [Luis E. Vasques, Esq.]
- Debt Collection Companies and Attorneys: WWWWWW
- ↳ Wexler & Wexler, PA
- ↳ Wolpoff & Abramson, LLP
- ↳ Weltman, Weinberg & Reis
- ↳ Wendt Law Offices
- ↳ West Asset Management
- ↳ Westmoreland Agency [Capital One Bank]
- ↳ Winn and Sims, PC
- ↳ Wolf, Jack, PA [Jack Wolf, Esq.]
- ↳ Wolpoff & Abramson, LLP
- ↳ Wolter, Warren H, Attorney [Warren H. Wolter, Esq.]
- ↳ Worldwide Asset Purchasing, LLC
- ↳ Wright, Makel Ann, Esq. [Makel Ann Wright, Esq.]
- Debt Collection Companies and Attorneys: ZZZZZZ
- ↳ Zenith Acquisitions Corporation
- ↳ Zwicker & Associates, PC